Avienius, Pliny), when combined with modern archaeology and numismatics, enable us to build a more accurate picture of the political and human terrain that the Romans and Carthaginians fought over in north-eastern Spain during the Second Punic War. Careful study of the names and chronological clues found in Livy’s material, together with the surviving works of Polybius (at least for 218-217 BC) and other historians (i.e. Livy gives the battle of Hibera only brief treatment (23.28-29), and his narrative of the military struggle between Rome and Carthage in Spain suffers for the faults in his annalistic sources: an eagerness to glorify the Romans (multiplying enemy losses and claiming enormous victories over and over), ignorance of the ethnic and political geography of the Iberian Peninsula in the third century BC, and the well-known challenge ancient historians had with dates and with one another’s material, leading to doublets and chronological confusions. The battle of Hibera, fought in 215, however, is rarely ranked as one of the decisive battles of the Second Punic War. ![]() The most famous battles of the Second Punic War such as Cannae, Trasimene and Zama are well known and thoroughly studied.
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